In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

The proton gradient is made by electron transport chain which pumps H⁺.

Source of energy for producing ATP in the chemiosmotic process is the gradient of protons ( hydrogen ions, H+). An H+ gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (ATP synthase). H+ will diffuse from an area of their higher concentration to an area of lower H+ concentration. An electrochemical concentration gradient of H+ across a membrane can be harnessed to make energy in the form of ATP. ATP synthase allows H+ to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to phosphorylate ADP (ADP+pi=ATP). The gradient of H+ is made from the e- movement through electron transport chains during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

In the electron transport chain, there are multiple reduction-oxidation reactions that generate a proton gradient between the inner membrane space and the mitrocondrial matrix. The most direct source of energy is the last complex of the electron transport chain wherein the proton gradient goes to the complex called the ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The movement of one of the transported substances up its concentration gradient

In chemiosmosis, the most direct source of energy used to convert adp+pi to atp is through oxidative phosphorylation by energy released from movement of protons through atp synthase, down their concentration gradient.

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Madison M.

Biology

3 months, 2 weeks ago

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